🔺 Tetraedrik geometriya
KS = 4 • sp³ gibridlanish • Valent burchak: 109.5° • Simmetriya: Td
📋 Asosiy ma'lumotlar
Geometrik xususiyatlar
- • Koordinatsion son: 4
- • Gibridlanish: sp³
- • Valent burchak: 109.5°
- • Simmetriya: Td
- • Shakl: Tetraedr (4 ta uchburchak yuz)
Gibridlanish sxemasi
s + px + py + pz → 4 ta sp³ gibrid orbital
Orbitallar 109.5° burchak ostida tetraedr uchlariga yo'nalgan.
⭐ Misollar
| Formula | Nomi | Markaziy ion | Rangi |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Zn(OH)₄]²⁻ | tetragidroksosinkat(II) | Zn²⁺ (d¹⁰) | Rangsiz |
| [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺ | tetraamminrux(II) | Zn²⁺ (d¹⁰) | Rangsiz |
| [CoCl₄]²⁻ | tetraxlorokobaltat(II) | Co²⁺ (d⁷) | Ko'k |
| [NiCl₄]²⁻ | tetraxloronikkolat(II) | Ni²⁺ (d⁸) | Sariq-yashil |
| [FeCl₄]⁻ | tetraxloroferrat(III) | Fe³⁺ (d⁵) | Sariq-jigarrang |
⚡ Muhim faktlar
💡 Geometrik izomeriya YO'Q — barcha 4 ta uch ekvivalent
💡 Δtet = (4/9)Δokt — deyarli har doim yuqori spinli
💡 Simmetriya markazi yo'q — Laporta qoidasi ta'qiqlamaydi, rang intensivroq
💡 [NiCl₄]²⁻ tetraedrik (paramagnit), [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ tekis kvadrat (diamagnit) — ligand kuchi farqi!
✅ Asosiy xulosalar
- KS = 4, sp³ gibridlanish
- Valent burchak — 109.5°
- Geometrik izomeriya yo'q
- Δtet = (4/9)Δokt — har doim yuqori spinli
- Tetraedrik ranglari intensivroq