💎 Gibridlanish va geometriya
sp → chiziqli • sp³ → tetraedrik • dsp² → tekis kvadrat • d²sp³ → oktaedrik
📊 Gibridlanish va geometriya — to'liq jadval
| KS | Gibridlanish | Geometriya | Burchak | Orbitallar | Misol | Simmetriya |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | sp | Chiziqli | 180° | s + pz | [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ | D∞h |
| 3 | sp² | Uchburchak | 120° | s + px + py | [Cu(CN)₃]²⁻ | D₃h |
| 4 | sp³ | Tetraedrik | 109.5° | s + px + py + pz | [Zn(OH)₄]²⁻ | Td |
| 4 | dsp² | Tekis kvadrat | 90° | dx²−y² + s + px + py | [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ | D₄h |
| 5 | sp³d | Trigonal bipiramida | 90°/120° | s + 3p + dz² | [Fe(CO)₅] | D₃h |
| 5 | sp³d | Kvadrat piramida | ~90° | s + 3p + dz² | [VO(acac)₂] | C₄v |
| 6 | d²sp³ | Oktaedrik (ichki) | 90° | 2d + s + 3p | [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ | Oh |
| 6 | sp³d² | Oktaedrik (tashqi) | 90° | s + 3p + 2d | [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ | Oh |
| 7 | sp³d³ | Pentagonal bipiramida | 72°/90° | s + 3p + 3d | [V(CN)₇]⁴⁻ | D₅h |
| 8 | sp³d⁴ | Dodekaedrik | — | s + 3p + 4d | [Mo(CN)₈]⁴⁻ | D₂d |
🔄 d²sp³ va sp³d² — farqi nimada?
d²sp³ (ichki orbital)
- • Qaysi d: (n−1)d — ichki qavat
- • Ligandlar: CN⁻, CO, NO₂⁻
- • Spin: Quyi spinli
- • Magnit: Diamagnit
- • Misol: [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ (μeff = 0)
- • Barqarorlik: Yuqori
sp³d² (tashqi orbital)
- • Qaysi d: nd — tashqi qavat
- • Ligandlar: F⁻, H₂O, Cl⁻
- • Spin: Yuqori spinli
- • Magnit: Paramagnit
- • Misol: [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ (μeff ≈ 4.90)
- • Barqarorlik: Pastroq
🎯 Geometriya va izomeriya bog'liqligi
Tetraedrik
Geometrik izomeriya YO'Q
4 ta uch ekvivalent
Tekis kvadrat
Sis-trans izomeriya BOR
MA₂B₂ tipi
Oktaedrik
Sis-trans + fac-mer BOR
MA₄B₂ va MA₃B₃
✅ Asosiy xulosalar
- Gibridlanish turi geometriyani bir xil ma'noda belgilaydi
- d²sp³ — ichki orbital (kuchli maydon, quyi spin)
- sp³d² — tashqi orbital (kuchsiz maydon, yuqori spin)
- Geometriya geometrik izomeriya mavjudligini belgilaydi